ORIENTAL RISE HOLDINGS Ltd (NASDAQ: ORIS)

Oriental Rise Holdings Limited was incorporated in the Cayman Islands with limited liability on January 25 2019 and operates as an exempted entity The company conducts its business through a network of wholly owned subsidiaries with core operations centered on the tea value chain in mainland China Specifically it is engaged in the planting and cultivation of tea bushes the harvesting and initial processing of fresh leaves into primarily processed white and black tea and the subsequent refinement of some products into finished refined tea This vertically integrated approach allows the company to manage quality control from the field to the final product All agricultural and processing activities take place within Zherong County Ningde City Fujian Province where the company holds contractual management rights to approximately 7 212 000 square meters of land designated for tea cultivation

Revenue is derived exclusively from the sale of tea based products categorized into three distinct groups Primarily processed white tea represents the principal revenue driver contributing approximately 82 4 percent of total sales for the year ended December 31 2023 and 74 8 percent for the year ended December 31 2024 Primarily processed black tea accounts for the second largest share generating roughly 15 7 percent of revenue in 2023 and increasing to 17 2 percent in 2024 Refined tea which undergoes additional processing steps such as sifting compression and packaging contributed about 1 82 percent of revenue in 2023 and rose significantly to 8 0 percent in 2024 The vast majority of sales occur through business to business transactions with tea processing and distribution companies operating in mainland China These corporate customers typically purchase the company s output for further value added processing before resale to end consumers A smaller but meaningful portion of revenue stems from direct to consumer sales where individual buyers in mainland China purchase the tea products for personal use through retail channels

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Oriental Rise Holdings Limited operates within one of the most fragmented sectors in China s agricultural economy The nationwide tea industry encompasses in excess of 50 000 independent producers and processors while the specialized white tea market contains approximately 1 000 active participants the vast majority of which are classified as small or medium sized enterprises The company s strategic differentiation stems from its commitment to a fully integrated business model that unifies cultivation primary processing and product sales under a single operational framework This stands in stark contrast to the prevailing industry structure where most competitors concentrate exclusively on isolated activities such as only farming only initial drying or only wholesale distribution The company s competitive position is reinforced by five interconnected advantages First its tea garden portfolio spans approximately 7 212 000 square meters enabling substantial economies of scale in leaf production Second it has implemented comprehensive quality control measures that include multiple stage inspection protocols for both raw materials and finished goods Third its plantations benefit from the unique ecological attributes of Zherong County featuring mid subtropical monsoon climate conditions with abundant rainfall and soil rich in organic matter with balanced pH levels optimal for tea cultivation Fourth the organization leverages the deep industry knowledge of its executive leadership exemplified by Chief Executive Officer Dezhi Liu s accumulated experience exceeding eight years in tea cultivation and processing Fifth the company emphasizes cost efficiency through mechanization initiatives and systematic operational improvements designed to reduce waste and enhance throughput

The company s revenue is predominantly generated through relationships with commercial tea enterprises located throughout mainland China These business customers purchase bulk quantities of primarily processed and refined tea products for purposes including further processing packaging or preparation for resale to downstream users Complementing this wholesale activity the company maintains a direct to consumer sales channel targeting individual residents in mainland China who acquire the products for personal tea consumption According to detailed customer concentration disclosures for the fiscal year ended December 31 2024 the five largest individual customers by revenue were Ningde Fengyuan Ecological Agriculture Technology Co Ltd Fujian Yiyuan Hong Tea Industry Technology Co Ltd Wuyishan GuYan YunWu Tea Trading Company Fujian Anxi Shuntian Tea Company Ltd and Fengze District Yuexin Tea Company During this period these top five accounts collectively contributed approximately 37 33 percent of the company s total revenue While this reflects a degree of customer concentration the organization notes that its ability to expand production capacity and pursue strategic initiatives such as increasing the output of higher margin refined tea products provides pathways to broaden its customer dependencies over time Furthermore the company emphasizes that its long standing framework agreements with key clients typically structured as annual renewable contracts without territorial exclusivity support stable demand patterns while preserving commercial flexibility